Fuels of the Future

Alternative Fuel Reference Library



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Section I: General References

ACE (American Coalition for Ethanol) (1999). Ethanol Information: How Ethanol is Made (online). Available: http://www.ethanol.org/ethanol_info.html.

Allen, B. C., and J. E. Reuter (1999). Changes in MTBE and BTEX Concentrations in Lake Tahoe, CA-NV, Following Implementation of a Ban on Selected 2-Stroke Marine Engines. In Assessment of the Use of Ethanol as a Fuel Oxygenate, Vol 4:Potential Ground and Surface Water Impacts, Vol 4 Ch 5, Appendix A. UCRL-AR-135949. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA. Available at: Changes in MTBE and BTEX. Proceed to page 39 of this file for the paper.

Allen, B. C., J. E. Reuter, C. R. Goldman, M. F. Fiore and G. C. Miller (1998). Lake Tahoe Motorized Watercraft - An Integration of Water Quality, Watercraft Use and Ecotoxicology Issues. John Muir Institute for the Environment, University of California, Davis. 37 p. Contribution # 001-1998.

Allen, P., R. Bradley, B. E. Croes, J. DaMassa, R. Effa, M. Fuentes, D. Luo, R. Vincent, L. Woodhouse, and E. Yang (1999). Analysis of the Air Quality Impacts of the Use of Ethanol in Gasoline. California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA.

Alpine Environmental, Inc., (1999). Survey of Current UST Management and Operation Practices. Prepared for the California MTBE Research Partnership. Available at: Survey of Current UST Management and Operation Practices.

Alvarez, P.J.J., and C. S. Hunt (1999). The Effect of Ethanol on BTEX Biodegradation and Natural Attenuation. In Health and Environmental Assessment of the Use of Ethanol as a Fuel Oxygenate - Report to the California Environmental Policy Council in Response to Executive Order D-5-99, Vol. 4, Potential Ground and Surface Water Impacts. D.W. Rice and G. Cannon (Eds.), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-AR-135949 Vol. 4 Ch. 3. Available at: Chapter 3: The Effect of Ethanol on BTEX Biodegradation and Natural Attenuation.

Argonne National Laboratory, Energy Systems Division, Center for Transportation Research. A Guidebook for Handling, Storing, and Dispensing Fuel Ethanol. Document prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy. Available at: Guidebook for Ethanol.

Armstrong, S.R., (1999). Ethanol: Brief Report on its Use in Gasoline. A report sponsored by the Renewable Fuels Association. Available at: Ethanol Brief Report.

ASTM (American Society of Testing and Materials) (1995). Standard Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blending with Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-ignition Engine Fuel. D 4806-95a. American Society of Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA.

Barker, J.F., M. Schirmer, and J.W. Molson (1999). Modeling the Impact of Ethanol on the Persistence of BTEX Compounds in Gasoline-Contaminated Groundwater: Discussion of Modeling Assumptions. Prepared for Andrew Stocking, Research Partnership, Ethanol Subcommittee.

Bedard, P. (1995). Why Reformulated Gas Makes People Sick. Car and Driver. Sept. 32.

Brannan, B. (1999). With the Phase Out of MTBE, What Do We Know About Ethanol. L.U.S.T.Line, Bulletin 32, p. 19.

Buscheck, T. (1999). (Chevron Research and Technology Company). Personal Communication with S. E. Powers, September 13.

BRP (Blue Ribbon Panel) (1999). Executive Summary and Recommendations. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.

California Air Resources Board (1998). An Overview of the Use of Oxygenates in Gasoline. Available at: Overview of Oxygenates.

California Energy Commission (1999a). Evaluation of Biomass- to-Ethanol Fuel Potential in California: A Report to the Governor and the Agency Secretary, California Environmental Protection Agency (pdf online). In Ethanol-powered Vehicles. Available at: http://www.energy.ca.gov/afvs/index.html.

California Energy Commission (1999b) Timetable for the Phase- out of MTBE from California's Gasoline Supply. Prepared by Fuel Resources Office, Energy Information and Analysis Division, Docket No. 99-GEO-1, June. Available at: http://www.energy.ca.gov/ mtbe/1999-06-25 MTBEREPORT.pdf.

California Code of Regulations, Title 23, sections 2610Ð2728, Underground Storage Tank Regulations.

California State Senate (1999a). Senate Bill 529 (Bowen) Motor Vehicles Fuels. Available: http://www.sen.ca.gov/.

California State Senate (1999b). Senate Bill 989 (Sher) Pollution: Groundwater: MTBE. Available: http://www.sen.ca.gov/.

Canadian Renewable Fuels Association (1999). Fact sheet: Questions and Answer on Ethanol (online). Available: http://www.greenfuels.org/ethaques.html/.

Carver, M. (1996). Renewable Fuels and the Future Security of U. S. Energy Supplies. Report to Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry, October 2.

Cassada, D.A., Y. Shang, D.D. Snow, and R.F. Spalding (1999). Trace Analysis of Ethanol and MTBE in Water Using Solid Phase Microextraction and GC/MS (Draft). Water Sciences Laboratory, Water Center, School of Natural Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

Center for Transportation Research, Argonne National Laboratory (No date). Guidebook for Handling, Storing, and Dispensing Fuel Ethanol. Prepared for the Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago, IL.

Chambers, D. (1999). (Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality). Personal letter to S. E. Powers, September 13.

Chemical Market Reporter (1998). Ethanol Lobbyists Display Political Clout in Renewing the Fuel's Tax Subsidy. November 30: 25.

Dagley, S. (1984). Microbial Degradation of Aromatic Compounds. Develop. Indust. Microbiol. 25: 53Ð65.

Dalton, M. (1998). (Dalton, Olmsted & Fuglevand, Inc.) Memorandum dated April 2 to S. Hooton, BP Oil.

Downstream Alternatives Inc., (1999). The Use of Ethanol in California Clean Burning Gasoline: Ethanol Supply/Demand and Logistics. Report prepared for the Renewable Fuels Association. Breman, IN. Available at: Ethanol Supply/Demand and Logistics.

EMCON (1997). Letter report dated September 5 from Michael D. Stalton to Cherine Foutch, Mobile Oil Corporation.

Federal Register (1985). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., November 13.

Fernandez, L. and A.A. Keller (2000). Cost Benefit Analysis of MTBE and Alternative Gasoline Formulations. Environmental Science and Policy. Vol. 3, pp. 173-188. Available at: Cost Benefit Analysis of Alternative Fuels.

Flatham, P. E., D. E. Jerger, and J. H. Exner (1994). Bioremediation Field Experience. Lewis Publishers. Ann Arbor, MI.

Franklin, P.M., C.P. Koshland, D. Lucas, and R.F. Sawyer. Clearing the Air: Using Scientific Information to Regulate Reformulated Fuels. Available: Clearing the Air.

Gomez, J., T. Brasil, and N. Chan (1998). An Overview of the Use of Oxygenates in Gasoline. California Air Resources Board, Stationary Source Division, Sacramento, CA. September.

Gustafson, J.B., J.G. Tell, and D. Orem (1997). Volume 3: Selection of Representative TPH Fractions Based on Fate and Transport Considerations. Prepared for the Association of American Railroads, United States Air Force, and the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Criteria Working Group. Available at: Volume 3: TPH Fate and Transport.

Herman, S. A. and T. J. Fields (1998). Supplemental Information Regarding the August 10, 1998 Enforcement Strategy to EPA December 9, 1998.

Hooton, S. T. (1999). (BP Amoco) Personal Communication with S. E. Powers, September 3.

Hord, B. (1999). Ethanol's Future May Boom or Bust. Omaha World Herald, Omaha, NE. Monday, June 28.

Institute for Groundwater Research (2000). Modeling the Impact of Ethanol on the Persistence of BTEX Compounds in Gasoline-contaminated Groundwater (April 2000). Report prepared for the California MTBE Research Partnership. Soon available at: Modeling the Impact of Ethanol.

Karaosmanoglu, F., A. Isigigur, and H. Ayse Aksoy (1996). Effects of a New Blending Agent on Ethanol-gasoline Fuels. Energy & Fuels 10: 816Ð820.

Keller, A., J. Froines, C. Koshland, J. Reuter, J. Suffet, and J. Last. (1998). Health and Environmental Assessment of MTBE - Report to the Governor and Legislature of the State of California as Sponsored by SB 251: Volume I, Summary and Recommendations (pdf online). University of California at Davis, Davis, CA. November. Available: http://tsrtp.ucdavis.edu/mtberpt/.

Keller, A. and L.F. Fernandez (2001). Beyond MTBE: Applying the Precautionary Principle to Gasoline Additives. In MTBE in the Environment, ed. A Diaz, D Drogos. American Chemical Society, in press. Available at: Applying the Precautionary Principle to Gasoline Additives.

Lave, L., H. Maclean, C. Hendrickson, and R. Lankey. Life- Cycle Analysis of Alternative Automobile Fuel/Propulsion Technologies. Available: Life-Cycle Analysis.

Lugar, R.G., and R.J. Woolsey (1999). The New Petroleum. Foreign Affairs 78: 88Ð102.

Malcolm Pirnie, Inc. (1998). Evaluation of the Fate and Transport of Ethanol in the Environment. Report prepared for American Methanol Institute, Washington, DC. Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., Oakland, CA. Report No. 3522-001. Available at: Evaluation of Ethanol Report.

Malcolm Pirnie, Inc. (1999). Evaluation of the Fate and Transport of Methanol in the Environment. Report prepared for American Methanol Institute, Washington, DC. Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., Oakland, CA. Report No. 3522-002. Available at: Evaluation of Methanol Report.

Marchetti, A.A., J.I. Daniels, and D. W. Layton (1999). Environmental Transport and Fate of Fuel Hydrocarbon Alkylates. In Health and Environmental Assessment of the Use of Ethanol as a Fuel Oxygenate - Report to the California Environmental Policy Council in Response to Executive Order D-5-99, Vol. 4, Potential Ground and Surface Water Impacts. D.W. Rice and G. Cannon (Eds.), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-AR-135949 Vol. 4 Ch. 6. Available at: Chapter 6: Environmental Transport And Fate of Fuel Hydrocarbon Alkylates.

Moran, M.J., J.S. Zogorski, and P.J. Squillace (1999). MTBE in Ground Water in the United States - Occurrence, Potential Sources, and Long-term Range Transport. In Proceedings of the 1999 Water Resources Conference. American Water Works Association, in press.

Morse, E.L. and A.M. Jaffe (2001). Strategic Energy Policy: Challenges for the 21st Century. Executive Summary of the Report by the Independent Task Force. Baker Institute Study Number 15, April 2001. Available: Strategic Energy Policy.

NationalRenewable Energy Laboratory. 1999. Environmental Life Cycle Implications of Fuel Oxygenate Production from California Biomass - Technical Report. Available: Life Cycle Implications.

NESCAUM (Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management) (1999) Air quality, Fuel Supply and Cost Impacts of MTBE and its Alternatives, Attachment III of RFG/MTBE report. August. Available: http://www.nescaum.org/pdf/MTBE_PH2/Ph2AQ_costs.pdf.

O'Hara, R. J. (1993). (BP Oil) Letter dated August 16 to Ms. Cherine Foutch, Mobile Oil Corporation.

Paul, J. (1978). Methanol Technology and Application in Motor Fuel. Noyes Data, Park Ridge, NJ.

Peaff, G. (1994). Court Ruling Spurs Continued Debate over Gasoline Oxygenates. Chem. & Engrg. News September 24: 4.

Petrobras (1995). Relat—rio Anual de Atividades (Annual Report). Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

Powers, S.E., D. Rice, B. Dooher, and P.J.J. Alvarez (2000). Replacing MTBE with Ethanol as a Gasoline Oxygenate - How May Ground Water Resources Be Impacted? Submitted as a Feature Article in Environmental Science and Technology, September 2000.

Powers, S.E., C.S. Hunt, S.E. Heermann, H.X. Corseuil, D. Rice, and P.J.J. Alvarez (2000). The Transport and Fate of Ethanol and BTEX in Groundwater Contaminated by Gasohol. Submitted to CRC Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Engineering.

Renewable Fuels Association (1999). Governors Send Strong Message to US EPA: Preserve Ethanol's Role in RFG. Ethanol Report (pdf online). Issue 89. February 11. Available: http://www.ethanolRFA.org/EReports/er021199.html.

Schaffner, I. R., Jr. (1999). (GZA GeoEnvironmental) Personal Communication with S.E. Powers, September 3.

Schermp, G. (1999). MTBE Phaseout: Ethanol Logistics and Unresolved Issues. Presentation to Department of Energy Ethanol Workshop, October 5.

Skipper, J. (1999). (Michigan Department of Environmental Quality) Personal Communication with S. E. Powers, September 3.

Schirmer, M., J.W. Molson, and J.F. Barker. The Potential Impact of Alcohol as a Gasoline Oxygenate on BTEX Degradation at Spill Sites. Proceedings of the 1999 Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Groundwater Conference, November 17-19, Houston, Ground Water Publishing Company, Westerville, Ohio, pp. 221-228.

State of California (1999). Executive Order D-5-99. Available: http://www.ca.gov/s/governor/_d599.html.

Sweet, F., E. Moyer, and M. Schillinger (2000). A Survey of Gasoline UST Regulations and Design Standards Employed in the Northeastern U.S. and California. Written for ENSR.

Ulrich, G. (1999). The Fate and Transport of Ethanol-Blended Gasoline in the Environment: A Literature Review and Transport Modeling. Submitted by the Governors' Ethanol Coalition. Lincoln, Nebraska. Available at: Fate Report.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (1999). Achieving Clean Air and Clean Water: The Report of the Blue Ribbon Panel on Oxygenates in Gasoline (online). EPA420- R-99-021, September 15. Available: http://www.epa.gov/oms/consumer/fuels/oxypanel/r99021.pdf .

United States Environmental Protection Agency (1992). Alternative Fuels Research Strategy (Draft). EPA Document: EPA/600/AP-92/002. Available at: Alternative Fuels Research Strategy.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (1998). Corrective Action Measures. September 30, 1998.

Verschueren, K. (1983). Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY.

Winn, T. (1999). (Kansas Department of Health and the Environment). Personal Communication between T. Winn and S. E. Powers, August 27.

Zogorski, J.S., A. Morduchowitz, A.L. Baehr, B.J. Bauman, D.L. Conrad, R.T. Drew, N.E. Korte, W.W. Lapham, J.F. Pankow, and E.R. Washington (1997). Chapter 2: Fuel Oxygenates and Water Quality. In Interagency Assessment of Oxygenated Fuels. National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) Committee on Environment and Natural Resources, Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President of the United States; Global Change Research Information Office (GCRIO), Palisades, NY.




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Section II: Journals/Publications

  • The Independent Liquid Terminals Association (newsletter). A monthly newsletter that describes the legislative and regulatory activity affecting the terminaling industry. Some issues available in the ERD hard copy library.

  • Modern Bulk Transporter

  • Oxy-Fuel News. A weekly Update on Reformulated Gasoline, Oxy-Fuels, and Alternative Fuels Worldwide. Some issues available in ERD hard copy library.



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Section III: Presentations

January 11, 2001. Davisson, L., D. Rice, D. Layton, and A. Marchetti. Life Cycle and Environmental Studies of Ethanol and Alkylates Used in Reformulated Gasoline: Preliminary Results from the Study of Alkylate Transport at Gasoline Sites. Available at: Life Cycle Presentation.

July 11-12, 2000. Andress, D. Air Quality and GHG Emissions Associated with Using Ethanol in Gasoline Blends.

July 11-12, 2000. Ferrell, J.E. Office of Fuels Development Semi-annual Management Meeting.

July 12, 2000. Hadder, J. DOE's MTBE Analysis for White House: January - June 2000. Presentation by Jerry Hadder of Oak Ridge National Laboratory to the DOE Office of Fuels Development at the Semi-Annual Management Meeting.

July 12, 2000. Zukor, S. Ethanol Sytems Analysis Spreadsheet (ESAS): Year 2000 National Case Runs and Related Insights. Presented by Steve Zukor of Technology and Management Services, Inc. at the DOE Office of Fuels Development Semi-Annual Management Meeting.

June 6, 2000. Drogos, D.L. Environmental and Health Implications of MTBE Alternatives. Presented at the American Chemical Society Science & the Congress Project Congressional Briefing. Washington, D.C.

May 11, 2000. Drogos, D. MTBE v. Other Oxygenates. Presented at Mealey's MTBE Conference. Marina del Rey, CA.

2000. Keller, A. Cost/Benefit Analysis of the Health and Environmental Issues of Oxygenates and other Gasoline Additives.

May 24, 1999. Kavanaugh, M.C., and A. Stocking. Fate and Transport of Ethanol in the Environment. Prepared for and presented to the Environmental Protection Agency Blue Ribbon Panel by the Malcolm Pirnie company.

May 24, 1999. Miller(Jr), K.D. Alkylates: Key Components in Clean-Burning Gasoline. Presented to The Clean Air Act Advisory Committee Panel on Oxygenate Use in Gasoline.

Office of Environmental Health and Hazard Assessment (November 10, 1999). Draft Report on the Potential Health Risks of Ethanol in Gasoline.




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Section IV: Conference Materials

Renewable Fuels Association (February 18-20, 2001). 6th Annual National Ethanol Conference: Policy and Marketing.

Stratco (September 5-8, 2000). Alkylation Seminar.

Jaffoni, F. T. (1999). Viability of ethanol as an oxygenate alternative to MTBE: Supply, distribution, cost, and environmental impact. Presented to the HART/IRI World Fuels Conference, Washington, DC, October 1.




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Section V: Related Newspaper Articles

July 21, 2001, Reuters, Study Estimates Environmental Costs of Energy Output. An additional newspaper Real Costs briefing is available as well.

July 16, 2001, Reuters, Environmental Impact of Ethanol Fuels Debate.

May 28, 2001, The Star, Kansas City: Midwest Ethanol Producers May Get Boost from California. March 19, 2000, The Herald, Tri-Valley Area, California: With MTBE On the Way Out, is Ethanol On the Way In?. Business Section, page 1.

March 19, 2000, The Herald, Tri-Valley Area, California: Producing Ethanol Leaves Little Waste. Business Section, page 1.




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Section VI: Miscellaneous Resources

Petroleum Supply Americas Directory, updated spring and fall of each year. Provides up-to-date information on 2,500 companies and 9,400 personnel who supply, market, trade, and distribute product for North, Central, and South America. Includes distinct listings of refiners, traders, and brokers.

For more information please contact:

David Rice, Project Manager
Environmental Restoration Division
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
P.O. Box 808, L-528
Livermore, California 94551
rice4@llnl.gov (925) 423-5059

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